# Q: Why does the Earth orbit the Sun?

The original question was: What exactly causes the Earth’s rotation and revolution?  Does this occur due to centripetal force and the lack of friction to stop the Earth from spinning? IE- Newton’s First Law? If so, where did this centripetal force come from? Was it a product of this rock being hurled through space and stuck in the Sun’s pull? As for the rotation, I don’t even have a guess. Are there planets that don’t revolve at all, or is that a necessity?

Physicist: I’ll break this down into two questions: “Where does the rotation originally come from?” and “Once the a planet is in orbit, what keeps it there?”

Where does the rotation originally come from?: The original yearly rotation of the Earth around the Sun (orbital rotation), as well the daily rotation of the Earth about it’s own axis (just “rotation”) is essentially dumb luck.

If you hold out any object and toss it in the air, you’ll find that it’s almost impossible to toss it in such a way that it doesn’t turn at all.  The same is true of stellar nebulae (the gigantic clouds of gas and dust that condense to form stars and planets).  They always have at least a little bit of swirl and spin.

As the cloud that became our solar system collapsed inward, the mass settled into a spinning disc with a big bump in the middle (the Sun), and that disk began collapsing even more to form the planets.  This process is called accretion, and you can see it at work over and over again.

When stuff collapses it tends to form a central ball and a disk.

There aren’t any non-spinning planets, but the speed that they spin varies widely.  Jupiter’s day is only 10 hours long, while Venus’ is around 240 Earth days long.  How fast and in exactly what direction a planet will end up spinning is a fiendishly complicated problem.  Some of it is determined by the flow of the gas and dust of the “proto-planetary disk” (which is fairly simple), which is why the orbits and rotations of every planet in the solar system orbits and rotates in roughly the same direction.

Since the Earth orbits the sun in the same direction that it rotates, when it's morning (6 am) you're standing on the "front side" of the Earth.

But once the ball gets rolling (so to speak) you find yourself with a solar system full of big rocks on slightly different orbits slamming into each other, and changing each others rotations.  For example, the Earth’s moon was (most likely) created by a stupendous collision with something Mars-sized that “splashed” the moon into orbit.  That impact, as well as tidal effects from the moon itself, have radically changed the length of the day on Earth.  Uranus is also believed to be the victim of an even bigger collision that tilted it’s rotation axis around 98° from it’s orbital axis (the direction perpendicular to its orbit), and dramatically changed the length of it’s day.  We can’t say by how much; no one saw what it was like before.

So, in general, things spin because they collapse from very large clouds of stuff that were spinning (just a little) already.  If the cloud hadn’t been spinning, then all of the mass in the solar system would have fallen all the way into the Sun.  Instead, a mere 99.86% of the solar system’s mass is in the Sun.

Once a planet is in orbit, what keeps it there?: Gravity pulls the Earth in, and centrifugal force holds it out.*  The centrifugal force on the Earth is just a result of the Earth moving in a curved path around the Sun.  It doesn’t slow down because there isn’t any friction.  After all, in space, there’s nothing to have friction with.  Why exactly an orbit is stable involves a short romp in math town.

Gravitational force, Fg, is given by $F_g = -\frac{GMm}{R^2}$, where G is the gravitational constant (dictates how strong gravity is), M is the star’s mass, m is the planet’s mass, and R is the distance between the planet and star.  It’s negative because it’s trying to decrease R.  You can use this to find the gravitational potential, Ug, by taking the anti-derivative: $U_g = -\frac{GMm}{R}$Force is the negative of the derivative of potential, which is fancy-speak for “stuff wants to fall downhill”.

Centrifugal force, Fc, is given by $F_c = \frac{mv^2}{R}$, where m and R are the same and v is the “tangential velocity” (how fast the planet is moving around the star, and not counting motion toward or away from the star).  There’s a handy way to rewrite this in terms of angular momentum.  Angular momentum, L, is always constant and (in this case) is given by $L=mRv$.  Re-writing Fc in terms of L gives: $F_c=\frac{m}{R}v^2=\frac{m}{R}\left(\frac{L}{mR}\right)^2=\frac{L^2}{mR^3}$.  You can use this to find the “centrifugal effective potential”, Uc.  “Effective” is just a physicist’s way of saying “I know, I know; the centrifugal force isn’t a ‘real’ force.  Just be cool for, like, two minutes.”.  $U_c=\frac{2L^2}{mR^2}$

Looking at the total potential, U=Ug+Uc, it becomes clear why orbits can be stable.  In order to picture forces better physicists will sometimes draw “potential diagrams”.  A potential diagram is just an intuitive way of describing energy and, in turn, forces.  To understand it, imagine putting a marble on the line and think about how it will roll.  In the picture below the marble will roll to the left, but no too far.

The total potential curve in terms of distance to the Sun. When a planet gets too close to the Sun the centrifugal force "rolls it away", and when it gets too far away the gravitational force "rolls it back". A stable or "bound" orbit is one without enough energy to roll out of the pit. This diagram helps explain why it's so hard to fall into orbit around something: If you start from far away, you have enough energy to get back there.

An orbit is stable when the energy of a planet is “cupped” by the total potential.  If it gets too far out the gravity pulls it back, and if it gets too close the centrifugal force pushes it back out.

Also, as if you needed another reason to be excited about living in this universe, orbits are only stable in two and three dimensions.  The force of gravity drops in the same way that the intensity of light or sound drops off (in our case: 1/R2), so if the dimension of your space is D, then the force of gravity is $F_g = -\frac{GMm}{R^{D-1}}$.  This yields a gravitational potential of  $U_g = -\frac{GMm}{(D-2)R^{D-2}}$ when D≥3, and $U_g=GMm\ln{(R)}$ when D=2.

Gravity gets weaker, faster, the higher the dimension. In 1 dimension there's no circular movement and no orbits. In 2 and 3 dimensions the forces balance such that there are stable orbits. In 4 dimensions an object will either fall directly in or fly away forever (depending on its angular momentum). And in 5 or more dimensions gravity wins if an object is too close and centrifugal force wins if it's too far.

For small dimensions (2 and 3) the centrifugal force is stronger for small R and gravity is stronger for large R, which yields stable orbits.  For large dimensions (5 and up) gravity is stronger for small R and centrifugal force is stronger for large R, so the orbit is always trying to fly apart, one way or another.  In 4 dimensions the forces get stronger and weaker at the same rate (~1/R3), so if one is stronger than the other it’s always stronger.

*This isn’t technically true.  Technically the planet is moving in a straight line through curved spacetime, and experiences no centrifugal acceleration.  But whatevs.

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### 45 Responses to Q: Why does the Earth orbit the Sun?

1. Neal says:

Is centrifugal force real? http://xkcd.com/123/

2. The Physicist says:

Real enough.
It depends on your perspective. In a non-rotating frame you’d describe the “force” as the object being accelerated around a curved path (any path that isn’t a straight line with constant speed requires acceleration). When you’re the object doing the spinning, however, it’s hard to keep that in mind.

3. Right, and so the next question is, “What is the best way to explain this situation?” It does indeed depend on perspective, and if we adopt the perspective of an observer outside the earth (let’s say looking “down” on the solar system, for example), then there is an argument to be made that it is preferable to avoid discussing centrifugal forces. (They are perhaps more useful when adopting the perspective of an observer on earth.)

From the perspective of an “outside” observer, an alternative explanation is along these lines: If there were no acceleration, the earth would just carry on in a straight line at a constant speed (by Newton’s first law of motion). But the earth moves in (approximately) a circle. Why? There must be a reason … and the reason is that the sun exerts a force on it. OK, but the force had better be just the right size to account for the acceleration, according to Newton’s second law of motion, F = ma. Because the earth goes in a circle (approximately), $a = \dfrac{v^2}{R}$. (This is the centripetal acceleration.) Thus

$\dfrac{GMm}{R^2} = m \dfrac{v^2}{R}$

From this perspective, nothing keeps the earth out, and nothing is needed to keep the earth out. There is no balance of forces, one inwards and one outwards. The earth goes in the circle, therefore there must be a force acting on it towards the centre of the circle, and that is the only force needed for the explanation. The sun provides the force.

For my preference, this is a simpler explanation, especially for a beginner. But the author’s explanation is also good; to each his own.

4. Jeroen Versteeg says:

What I’m really missing here in the answer to the first question is conservation of angular momentum, and how it makes the inner planets orbit the sun faster than the outer ones!

5. The Physicist says:

A single planet must always have the same angular momentum, but different planets are free to have different angular momenta. So, angular momentum isn’t the best way to explain why different planets in different orbits have different speeds.
The last equation in Santo D’Agostino’s comment (two comments up) is probably a better approach. If you multiply both sides by R2 and divide by m you get $GM = Rv^2$. “GM” (the gravitational constant and the mass of the Sun) aren’t going to change. So if R gets small, v has to get bigger to compensate. That is; if you orbit closer to the Sun, you have to orbit faster.
If you don’t trust the math: the Sun pulls more when you’re close, so you have to spin faster to stay away.

6. Ali Baaqail says:

Why does earth is orbiting around the sun and spinning on its axis?
There are thousands of thousands answers but none will statisfy you if you use your common sense.
OK the law of gravity is playing a big role in this rotating and spinning. But where does this gravity come from? Who ordered or set it there so precisely. If speed of spinning rate faster than whatever is now….. say 2000 km per hour….. then we have two dawns and two dusks in 24 hours instead of ALMOST equal period of day and night.
As one physcist answered “Is essentially dumb luck ” Is this you call sciense?

7. The Physicist says:

Absolutely!
Science does try to explain as much as possible about the universe around us, but part of that is knowing why there are some things that can’t be known. For example; using mighty science we can predict weather, with fair accuracy, several days in advance. But (again, with science) we also know why we can’t do much better (see: “chaos theory”).
In this case we know that planets can form with a wide range of rotation speeds, because we’ve got 8 planets (9 if you were born in the ’90s or earlier) to take data from. The lengths of their days are all over the place.

8. Ali Baaqail says:

I am a person with no education but I read much and try to understand things. I deeply respect learned and people of knowledge and understanding, like you. Through such people human race had achieved a lot of comfort and left behind most suffering and misery. My argument is not leading to persuade you towards any faith or belief. Planets can form with a wide range of rotation speeds. But why our planet earth is so unique? Suitable for life! Why there is a tilt of 23 degree? So we can have seasons! Why the atmosphere with 78% and 21% of nitrogen and oxygen? Why with seventy percent liquid water? Why the full sky become dark at night and bright at day? From where the first life or first cell come from? Science cannot answer all these questions and a lot many. They can speculate. Based on your argument that the planet formed through gravity’s rotation of dust and gas. They are still trying, in Cern, Switzerland, since 1992 a project named (Large Hadron Collider), to create the basic particles of the earlier universe, after Big Bang. The result was very embrassing for science community. Also more than ten Billion \$ bill to be paid. Common sense and reason tell us to accept all these happening are the result of Divine Intervention. The One God! Yours and mine.

9. Ali Baaqail says:

Hi,

Why full sky is dark at night and the same time other side of the globe (which facing the sun) is full bright? Please do not explain to me through Olber’s night sky Paradox.

10. willard owen says:

what is the variable in the earth orbit ellipse

11. The Physicist says:

What do you mean?

12. bob says:

why doplanets have names?

13. The Physicist says:

That’s kinda profound!

14. cody says:

I was a bit worried until I read the asterisk note on the end. Orbits are largely misunderstood so you have to be careful when explaining them. The only 2 forces that go into an orbit are the angular momentum of the body and the gravitational force pulling inward. There is no actual “centrifugal or centripetal force” that acts upon orbits. They are merely fictitious forces.

15. szefunio says:

Stable orbits exists as long as attraction strength between object falls slower than 1/r^3. In 4D universe gravitational attraction strength is 1/r^3, the lowest value generating no stable orbits [for example if atraction strength were 1/r^2.99999999 stable orbits would have still existed]
We can quite easely have stable orbits in 4D universe if we make attraction between object to fall minimally slower than 1/r^3. For example: if in such a universe except for gravitation existed general repealing force whose strength falls faster than 1/r^3 (which is natural if force is mediated by bosons with non-zero rest mass) then nett attraction strength between object would fall slower than 1/r^3 and stable orbits would exist.

Am I right?

16. Joe Rit says:

How can planets, stars, comets, and all objects in the universe be within the net of space/time without any friction acting upon them? If there is no friction from space/time then how can it support anything??

17. The Physicist says:

It’s a little counter intuitive, but spacetime isn’t made of anything. Physicists define space as distance. The “fabric of spacetime” and “rubber sheet” ideas are just metaphors to help explain things.

18. Craig Alan Owens says:

Your claim that planetary orbit and revolution results from “dumb luck” is both false and professionally irresponsible. You may not know, but science DOES provide the answer. Maybe you should apply the scientific method and do more research into the actual question: “Why does Earth orbit the Sun?”

The essential question here is WHAT FORCE PROPELS THE EARTH IN REVOLUTION around the Sun.

You go off on tangents about centrifugal force and gravity, neither of which propels our Earth mass of 13,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 pounds at 67,000 mph around the Sun, and I’ll prove to you why gravity is not responsible for orbiting bodies.

Our SUN, however, does possess enough energy, in the form of thermal energy and electromagnetism , to propel our Earth at a velocity of 67,000 mph.

The Sun’s incendiary heat drives fusion and plasma production of an intense electromagnetic field spinning our Sun (like all stars) on its invisible polar axis.

The Sun’s conversion of heat energy into electrical energy is similar to your car’s combustion engine that converts combustion (heat) into mechanical energy to spin the wheels that make your car move.
But the Sun’s conversion of heat energy into plasma electrical energy occurs on a stellar scale, trillions of times more powerful than even the power of a lightning bolt (plasma) that can split a tree in half. Imagine the power of trillions of lightning bolts in our Sun spinning in a solar-scale electromagnetic field.

Build or buy a simple Faraday disc and you’ll discover that spinning a magnet in its electromagnetic field generates voltage or electrical output. That EM field has an observable effect on particles around it, and when extrapolated to the Sun’s scale it has a propulsion effect on massive objects like our Earth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homopolar_generator

Our Earth also produces its own EM field that causes Earth to spin, so it’s not “dumb luck” as you say, that it’s spinning. The Earth’s electromagnetic field causes its rotation and the Moon’s revolution in orbit around it. Just like the supermassive neutron star at the center of our Milky Way galaxy generating a super intense electromagnetic field that spins it and all the stars in galactic spiral arms around the neutron star; so too, our own star, the Sun, generates a powerful electromagnetic field that spins it around, and spins all the planets around it including Earth.

So that’s it in a nutshell – the Sun’s electromagnetic field propels the Earth around it, just like our Earth’s EM field propels the moon in orbit, and our Galactic Neutron Star propels all the stars in our galaxy around it. Occam’s razor attests to the elegant correct answer, despite all the erroneous mathematical complexities used to skirt the issue of WHAT FORCE propels celestial objects in orbit.

A simple proof that gravity is not responsible for stable orbits:
Our moon is certainly massive, yet it cannot propel objects in stable orbit around itself. Why is that?
That’s because gravitational pull is not a force that propels orbiting satellites. The moon is not thermally active and does not generate an electromagnetic field to propel objects around it in stable orbit.

C. A. Owens

19. Edwin Saji says:

I’m only 14 years old and here’s my question.How did newton calculate the orbit of planets without the knowledge of the value of the propulsion or did he know?If he did how?

20. The Physicist says:

Like any good physicist, Newton did exactly the opposite; he took the data that had already been collected about the shape and (comparative) size of the orbits, and then found that an inverse square force would describe how fast the planets were orbiting.
A little later Newton showed that, given his inverse square law, the orbits must be elliptical (it’s not obvious why) which people had already begun to strongly suspect to be the case (again, from direct observation).

21. argus says:

THANKS FOR THE ANSWERS I FEEL SO FULFILED

22. alex says:

23. The Physicist says:

I figured I’d stay quiet about that comment.
It is the case that the Earth and the Sun (and a few other planets) have magnetic fields. However, it has nothing to do with orbits or the movement of planets. More importantly, since there’s nothing around to stop things in space from moving, there doesn’t need to be an extra force to propel them.
Those were clever ideas! But they’re not supported by physics.

24. Matt says:

What is the closest distance that two Earth sized planets could be to one another without being pulled out of their respective orbits around a star? Just curious.

25. The Physicist says:

Depends on exactly how they’re moving. For example, if they were in orbit around each other (like being moons of each other), then there are no problems.

26. Matt says:

I was thinking more along the lines of not being in orbit around each other.

27. Matt says:

That’s two seperate orbits around the sun. What distance would they need to be from each other to maintain steady orbits unaffected by each other, assumuing that one is the Earth in it’s current orbit speed and distance from the sun.

28. The Physicist says:

Unfortunately that’s a pretty difficult question to actually answer.
If you want to talk about “stable forever”, then the Earth’s interaction with the other planets is already unstable. “Stable for a while” is also pretty difficult. Given that Venus is about Earth sized and seems pretty happy where it is, I’d say that another Earth would do alright as close as Venus or closer.

29. Elizabeth says:

Okay, I have an idea. I’m only twelve and I like this stuff, so.

Imagine right now, you on Earth. You are held down and at the same time as being pulled out. The sun overall has more gravity than Earth, but do to distance Earth’ s gravity manages to keep us here. Now set your imagination to work. You’re here on Earth with a stronger force pushing you down than being pulled out, then a microsecond, maybe even less, (nanosecond?) you’re on the sun (as if on an Earth with mass of one solar mass). Gravity, the pushing and pulling that weren’t equal, are now almost distorted and extreme things happen to relevance of time. Sorry, I’m bringing black holes into subject now. A supermassive black hole supposedly has you ‘go through time’ like a day being shorter or longer. The event horizon from a distance makes things look like they’ve stopped. But really, multiple things happen in different black holes theoretically.
I’m thinking the two forces exerting gravity can’t be equal. (I’m still seeing if this can go with whole graviton and anti-graviton thing) Basically, the difference in either one is the difference to of you seeing something move in a different area of where gravity is exerted. How do I make my mind clearer…
Um, okay think this. That ‘push and pull’ each go with graviton or antigraviton. The bigger the difference of this ‘push and pull’ than the more extreme changes of how time is exerted, seen, felt, experienced.
So this would mean other things about orbits. I can’t do the math yet, but I’m teaching myself it so far. I know this is most likely false but good idea-like stuff, but I want to know if I’m on the right track.

30. Matt says:

Elizabeth,

31. Elizabeth says:

The curving through space time I hear about all over internet, how does that fit in with Earth’ s orbit? And what does it even mean??

32. Guy D. Ogan says:

I’m writing a work of fiction (my third); however this is the first in which my characters travel into space. They are faced with trying to modify the trajectory of an inbound asteroid. Just when they believe they have increased the asteroids speed enough to have it move through Earth’s orbit before Earth arrives, there is another issue they must deal with. A Supernova is sending Gamma Rays that will graze the Sun then hit most of Earth as it comes out from behind the Sun. Their “fix” is to deploy four humongous solar sails which will come close to providing an “umbrella” to shade Earth from the Gamma Rays. They must wait to deploy the sails until just past Earth’s orbit, then try to get back to that position so the Earth doesn’t rocket by at 67,000 mph leaving no chance of catching it due to fuel constraints. To keep from being pulled into the Sun by it’s gravity they couldn’t just sit in a static spot within the location of Earth’s orbit, waiting a year for Earth to return could they? Wouldn’t they have to fly in the opposite direction in that same orbital plane in order to keep from being pulled in by the Sun’s gravity and still meet up with Earth in less than a year? I know this is theoretical stuff, but that is what fiction writing often is all about. (-:

33. Mansi Srivastava says:

Can black holes die?

34. Mansi Srivastava says:

can anything be more fast than light? if sun is a star ,then do more stars have planets? if there is gravity between the sun and the earth ,then why sun being a larger mass do not attract earth towards itself? why things turn when we throw them upwards?

35. tonic says:

Craig Alan Owens,

Thank you.

tonic

36. Johnson Eboa says:

No parallel universe
And
No time travelling
MY name is Johnson Eboa N.E. I am very interested about the idea of time travelling, though believe by some and disagree by others time travelling is a very interesting postulation that have been successful over the years . There is the obvious question “is time travelling possible?”

Let’s start with time; its properties define it to be a scalar quantity but what does time travelling suggests? Let us look at time travelling without parallel universe. In 2013 my younger sister is 19 years old in 2015 how old will she be? 21 you are right. If I travel backward to 2010 (from 2015) how old will she be? The answer is 16 because she was 16 in 2010. We have subtracted taking direction of time in to consideration. Time here behaves like a vector quantity with its directions been future and passed. Future will be considered to be the positive direction and the passed the negative direction. Since direction is considered change in age is calculated by final year minus initial year.

From 2013 to 2015 we were moving to the future so change in time is

2015 – 2013 = +2
19 + 2 = 21years.

Travelling from 2015 to 2010, then I have move in opposite direction (to the passed) the change in time is

2010 – 2015 = -5
21 – 5 = 16years.

Then her present age is
19 + 2 – 5 = 16

Mass, black hole, gravity only compresses time just like the other dimensional quantities can be compress or shorten (am only a 4 dimensional view). Time is faster in space compared to earth due the mass of earth. Those that mean when you are in space for 80years you will be in our future?
If we move close enough to a black hole or a high gravity space, time will just be compressed just like all the other three dimensional quantities can be compress. If Malet’s brother (Johnson) who is older than him for three months has to go close enough to a giant black hole and stay there for 5 years, now who is older? Malet will be about 4years older than Johnson. Do we suggest that one of then has travel through time? No they have just been affected by SMET in different ways.
If we are to use speed to travel through time we would have to move faster than the speed of light which goes against the fundamental laws of nature.
Using worm hole as a method of time travelling has been proven unlikely by professor Hawkings.
I am much more concern about the idea of parallel universe, lets look at things this way, if on the 12th of December 2010 at 12:00 GMT I kept my pen on the table. And now I am to travel backward through time to that particular event, I saw myself placing my pen not on the table but on the chair is that my past? No. Wait a minute this is my younger sister again. How can she be here again I left her in the present how can she occupy two spaces at the same time (unless it’s not her). For parallel universe to be possible, all the happenings must be identical but differs with time. That is to say the different parallel universe must have been born at a regular interval fraction of a second and their lives have only one state which is the same for all the different parallel universes but differ in time. If in one universe, the present changes the future then the future of all the other parallel universes must change as well to same thing. This will mean that we may have close to infinitely many parallel universes. The only thing I can say about this is “I doubt if this postulation is true”. Only then can you see your identical past or future, but if just one of them has many states we may never see our identical past or future meaning that time travelling to certain areas of our passed will be impossible while others possible.
If we say there exist, multi-verses (which is true) with the future of each haven many states and the number of the different universes is close enough to infinity and some of them (at least two) can be parallel universe. Calculating the probability of each event to be identical (taking direction of even leaves in consideration 30° and another 31° not identical or if at the time one was form e.g. wing blow west rain fall and in another wing blow north rain fall they are not identical) since our universe was born (Considering every second).
If there are 10 me (n), and there are 1000 events that all of I have to do one at a time. In each event 10 things can be done and replacing it back and independent of each other. What is the probability that all of I perform the same thing of the 2othings in the first event?
lim┬(n→10)⁡〖(1/20)^n 〗=〖20〗^(-n).
The probability for me (all me) to do perform the same thing of the 10 things in the first event and same thing of the 10 things in the second event

lim┬(n→10)⁡〖(1/〖20〗^2 )^n 〗 = 〖20〗^(-2n)

In general,
For all x number of event(s) and the number of time which we conduct the experiment “i “the we have
〖 lim〗┬(n→10)⁡〖(1/〖20〗^x )^ni 〗 = 〖20〗^(-nix)

Applying this equation to the event on earth,
- There are unaccountably many leaves on earth with each having 360 directions to choose every second since our universe was born.
- There are unaccountably many other living things (ants, human, birds, fishes, insects, hair etc) on earth which can do at least some thing every second since our universe was born. The position, direction of movement of hair is of importance coz if you swing your hair 5 minute ago, all went to you left shoulder 250° .We travel backward and see that the hair move to you left shoulder 250° but one went 30°. Again they are not identical meaning is not you passed but it looks like you passed.
Calculating the probability of such event we have,
〖 lim〗┬((n*t)→ )⁡〖(1/r^t )^np 〗 = 0

Where r = {1,2,3,…} (number of happenings that can be done by the different things in one second)
n is number of things (living and non living).
t is time since our universe was born to time it will die.
p = {2,3,4,5…} is the number of existing parallel universe
john and Peter are watching a movie John left and went out when he came back, he requested to watch were he ended peter had to backward the film. Wow! The people in the film had travelled through time. This is possible because the film has been recorded`. To change an event in that film we have to re-act (re-make or edit) the film, because we cannot re-act our universe again we definitely cannot change our passed.
This is to say no parallel universes exist. I am not saying no to the fact that in one of the different universes certain event can be identical but certainly not all (you may exist in more than one meta-verse but your event may not be identical).
Some consequences of time travelling in different cases;
Our passed, present and future has only one state,
Time is a vector quantity.
Two objects can occupy same space at same time and one object can occupy two spaces at same time.
We can see how are passed was and our future will but definitely not them.
Time travelling is not possible.

Some wise word

The most difficult thing in life is to learn what you already know.
Life gives us many choices but it does not give us its own choice.
Never fall in love, you might break your leg or even you neck and die, rather walk into love.
God is a lover of mathematics. Don’t doubt it for I have asked him.
Unless we start thinking like the creator we may never understand the creation.
We do say God knows every thing but I am not sure about infinity.
Why do you wish for good life and riches for a minute when you can easily have it in sleep for a day?
He who is afraid to fail is afraid to learn.
I don’t know about the life of God but I am certain he did not go to school.
Let us dare to thing foolishly for within ones foolishness lays his greatness.
If we are all alone beyond the universe then you are not alone.
Never ask who is the greatest for every one plays a specific rule to make our world.
Don’t be afraid to die for the dead has never come back.
Destiny can not be inherited but is achieved.
If you cannot define where you are coming from, fine out where you are going to, you never know it could tell you where you are coming from.
You always told me to say thank you and yet say don’t mention each time I say thank you.
Don’t fold your hands without finding out what kills your father for you might be the next.
We use the term nature to explain the unknown and doubt if God exist, for all we know nature could be God.
Do not practice to laugh when ever you are happy; rather practice to be happy when ever you laugh.
Education does not give intelligent but shows the way to intelligent.

37. Michael Kenyon says:

Question : Why is the Earth tilted?

Answer : Because it has to be.

The earth is travelling through space in a direction influenced by the rotation around the Sun and the rotation around the Milky Way. The path is in a direction that if we could find our position in the Milky Way and monitor it, we could plot this path.

We cannot deviate from this path, the path runs through the center of the mass of the moon and the earth, which is just off the center of the earth. The Earth travels 29,805 meters in 1 second as it travels around the sun and the sun is travelling at an even greater velocity around the center of the Milky Way.

This speed involves the Earth and the people on it carrying hug amounts of inertia, just myself for example carrying 33,848,721,526 Joules from the rotation around the sun only. The Earth is 5.972E24 kg 8.07E+22 x more than me. So its inertia is huge.

If the Earth deviated from the path being imposed on it by a fraction of a mm it would disintegrate in an instant. To prevent this it must form a way of fixing it’s position in space by tilting at an angle the rotation around the sun and the angled axis intersect to to create this point in space. If an asteroid his the Earth, huge internal stresses are imposed on the Earth and it is this that pulls it quickly back to the required angle to achieve a fix in position.

This is also why the Earth is spinning, the mass of the earth is like a collection of atoms all grouped together, similar to the gas giant Jupiter. In order to create a mean globe shaped shell of points of equal time, the Earth must spin. To explain this further, we move from one point in space to another 29.8 Km away in just 1 second. In this second we must be at exactly the same place on the Earth as we were 1 second ago. If the Earth wasn’t spinning it wouldn’t be still enough in space to achieve this. We don’t move at all, the speed the Earth rotates is the minimum required to achieve infinate gyroscopic stability. The Earth has settled at this speed as again internal stresses regulate it. The rotation of the Earth is slowing down with the decreasing need for stability as the universe expands.

Gravity

As mentioned before the Earth is travelling with huge inertia along a path influenced by the sun and the Milky Way and the universe.

As we are on the surface of the Earth we are not on the path the Earth is travelling which runs through it center. Our paths must be the same or we won’t arrive at the exact same place in time a huge distance away. Imagine the Earth is connected to a string that stretches out to infinity in the direction in is going and you have a string stretching out to the same point. and the two are pulled at the same time with the same force. You and the Earth will be pulled together but you can’t every reach the center of the Earth so you appear to be always trying to do it. This causes Gravity.
Gravity is zero at the center of the Earth. The Earths mass has not changed but still Gravity is zero, this is because you are on the same path in space as the Earth.

Consider every atom in the Earth has to do the same, the only way to achieve this is in a globe shape so that layers of the same mass can be at the same distance from the ever moving position of the center of the Earth. This is why the density is highest at the center with the iron core and the atmosphere is on the outside. All the Earth is held together in this way. The planets are globe shaped because they are moving at great speed.

To quantify the Gravity we need the help of Brian Cox and the worlds best Maths experts to work out the effect of two masses on paths at huge speed trying to meet in the infinity.

Regards

Mike Kenyon

38. Hello, physicist!

Your theory obviously need some uninterrupted divine intervention.
As alternative, You can look to works of Miles Mathis about gravity and perhaps also mine.

39. Ashley says:

Hey umm the sun,moon and earth exert gravity but

40. Tai says:

physicist,
I would like to know if there’s any kind of a relationship between the electron revolving around the nucleous and the rotation of earth around the sun. why are these two things moving around anything that is in the center?
Is the theory about the atom i.e electrons moving around the nucleous is in any way related to the working of our solar system?
Can we create an small experimental system setup that functions similar as our solar system with all of the planets revolving and rotating around the sun?

41. Tai says:

physicist,
i would realy like to know these!

42. sherms says:

Given the huge mass of earth as it orbit around the sun at a very high speed, what makes the earth not come out of its orbital path given the huge amount of centrifugal force in its spin around the sun? The same question apply to the moons and satellites.

43. sherms says:

What makes the earth not come out of its orbital path/axis around the sun as it revolve/spins considering the huge centrifugal force developed?

44. Ayush Anand says:

Really very nice description of the topics in physics…!